The first years of the 13th century saw death and destruction throughout Eastern Europe. The Mongols had worked their way through central Asia, into, Russia and beyond. The Mongol army killed everyone in its path, bringing down cities, torturing captives, and striking fear into peasants and noblemen alike. By the middle of the century, most of Russia was under Mongol control.

The Golden Horde's Headquarters in Sarai

Although Temuchin, better known as Genghis Khan, was the instigator of the Mongol conquest, other khans followed his lead. The khan set up a headquarters outside of Mongolia on the lower Volga River in Sarai. This stronghold became known as the Golden Horde. It was to Sarai that many Russian grand princes, as well as would-be grand princes or those who coveted the title, would go to pay tribute and to gain the khan's favor. Yaroslav II was the first Russian grand prince to act as vassal of the khan.

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